Annex VI: Treatment of Information
Annex VI.1 General Aspects
As a result of a continuing search for improvement, each edition of the Brazilian Energy Balance contains the most accurate and detailed figures to date. For this reason some differences between the data shown in the latest edition and the previous ones may arise. Explanatory notes on these differences are included in the latest edition.
Therefore, this Annex presents the data source and peculiar aspects of some energy sources regarding the way they were obtained, as well as clarifications about changes compared to previous energy balances.
Annex VI.2 Sector Classification
The classification for the sector consumption of Brazilian Energy Balance follows the Activities Code of Federal Revenue Bureau (Decrees n. 907, 08/28/1989, and n. 962, 12/29/1998).
Annex VI.3 Data Sources
This item presents the entities that work, direct or indirectly, as data sources for the BEB elaboration:
Petroleum, Natural Gas and Oil Shale
Agência Nacional de Petróleo - ANP
Petróleo Brasileiro S.A. - Petrobras
Oil Products Distribution Companies
Class Entities and Large Industries
Steam Coal And Metallurgical Coal
Sindicato Nacional da Indústria de Extração do Carvão
Large Industries
Hydraulic Energy and Electricity
Agência Nacional de Energia Elétrica – ANEEL
Centrais Elétricas Brasileiras S.A. – Eletrobras
Electric Energy Concessionaries
Operador Nacional do Sistema – ONS
SIMPLES - EPE
Câmara de Comercialização de Energia Elétrica - CCEE
Large Industries
Firewood and Charcoal
Fundação Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística - IBGE
Large Industries
Coal Mining Companies
Projeto Matriz Energética Brasileira – MEB - MME / IPEA
Sugar Cane, Alcohol and Sugar Cane Bagasse
Alcohol and Sugar Department – Agriculture Ministry
Class Entities
Sector Industries
Brazil´s National Agency of Petroleum, Natural Gas and Biofuels
Nuclear Energy
- Indústrias Nucleares do Brasil - INB
Other Information Sources
Associação Brasileira de Celulose e Papel - BRACELPA
Sindicato Nacional da Indústria de Cimento – SNIC
Associação Brasileira dos Produtores de Ferro-ligas – ABRAFE
Brazil Steel Institute– IBS
Associação Brasileira de Fundição – ABIFA
Sindicato Nacional da Indústria e Extração de Estanho – SNIEE
Associação Brasileira de Alumínio – ABAL
Sindicato da Indústria de Ferro no Estado de Minas Gerais – SINDIFER
Fundação IBGE, for general data about Brazil.
Annex VI.4 Peculiarities in Data Processing
Petroleum, Natural Gas and By-Products
The sources of data on production, imports, exports, inventories and transformation, are from Petrobras, ANP and Federal Revenue Bureau.
For sector consumption are used the sources: Petrobras, ANP, Industry Associations and Large Industries. Informations referring to sales made directly by the refineries are furnished from Petrobras. The information referring to sales made by the distributors to consumers is furnished by ANP, which is regulated by Decree CNP-DIPLAN n.° 221, dated June 25, 1981 and is broken down according to Federal Revenue Bureau criteria. Real consumption data is obtained from Industry Associations and Large Industries.
Based on the reconciliation of these sources and on the analysis of the consistency of the information, the petroleum, natural gas and by-products energy flows are elaborated.
Steam Coal and Metallurgical Coal
Geological conditions of the coal pits (small thickness of layers) and the methods of mining coal lead to the extraction of run-of-mine coal with large amounts of inert matter (argillites, etc). In the balance calculations fossil coal after benefaction, in the forms of steam and metallurgical coal is considered primary energy.
Nuclear Energy
In the Brazilian Energy Balance, the accounting of nuclear energy is according to the following flow: the natural uranium in the form of U3O8 (primary energy) enters in the nuclear fuel cycle (transformation center) and is transformed into uranium in UO2 fuel elements (secondary energy), with the losses due to the manufacturing process.
Due to the large number of activities involved in the processing of natural uranium in the form of U3O8 into enriched uranium contained in UO2 pellets, components of the fuel elements, the average processing time is 21 months (without taking into account the recycling time of uranium and plutonium from the fuel already irradiated).
Because of this, all the uranium that is in being processed in the nuclear fuel cycle is considered as inventory of U3O8. Every year an account is made for the amount of uranium (content of the UO2) put out of the inventory. Losses of 1.5% due to the transformation are considered in the account.
Hydraulic Energy and Electricity
In this case hydraulic generation is the gross electricity production as measured at the hydraulic plants. The portion corresponding to leaked energy is not considered.
Firewood and Charcoal
Production of firewood and charcoal is determined based on consumption data, not taking into account any inventory variation. Firewood sector consumption data, except those from Pulp and Paper and Non-ferrous Industries, from which real consumption data are furnished, are obtained through extrapolation of the data from the Energy Matrix Project, 1970, from IBGE survey and by means of correlation with the sector consumption of the energy products, such as LPG in the residential sector.
Charcoal: the industrial sector consumption is directly obtained from the consumers. The consumption data of the other sectors is obtained in the same manner as for firewood. Charcoal production is calculated taking in account percentage losses in distribution and storage.
Sugar Cane Products
They are obtained from squeezed Sugar-cane to produce sugar and alcohol. It is considered as primary products the cane juice, molasses, bagasse, leaves and points, and as secondary products the anhydrous and hydrated alcohol. Each ton of squeezed Sugar-cane produces around 730 kg of Sugar-cane juice (it is not considered the water used in the Sugar-cane wash). Concerning the bagasse, it is considered only the energetic use. The technical note COBEN 03/88, mentioned in the item 5, provides more information about this subject.
Coke
Production and consumption data are directly obtained from industries (CSN, COSIPA, USIMINAS, AÇOMINAS, and others). Energy import and export data are provided by the Federal Revenue Bureau.
Annex VI.5 Technical Notes
In order to better show up the adopted criteria in data appropriation of the energy balances, technical notes were elaborated, which are available in the site: https://www.gov.br/mme/pt-br/assuntos/secretarias/spe/publicacoes/balanco-energetico-nacional/1-sobre-o-ben
NT COBEN 01/1988 – Appropriation criteria of the Brazilian Energy Balance Matrix data.
NT COBEN 02/1988 – Appropriation criteria of the DNC sale data by sectors of the Brazilian Energy Balance.
NT COBEN 03/1988 – Sugar-cane treatment in BEB.
NT COBEN 04/1988 – New conversion factor for firewood.
NT COBEN 05/1988 – Brazilian Energy Balance: BEB1988: Changes in relation to the previous balance.
NT COBEN 06/1988 – Distribution analysis of the diesel oil consumption in BEB.
NT COBEN 07/1988 – Evaluation of the residential consumption of firewood and charcoal in BEB.
NT 08/1993 – Cogeneration Treatment in Energy Balances.
NT 09 – Conversion Factors from Hydraulic and Electricity to toe.
Annex VI.6 Electricity in the Brazilian Energy Balance – BEB
The previous editions of the Brazilian Energy Balance 2002 adopted criteria to evaluation of the electricity and hydroelectricity generation segments considered the thermic base parameters, that means 1kWh = 3132 kcal, which corresponds to the fuel oil burned in a thermoelectric plant with an yield of 27.5%. This resulted in a conversion index of 0.29 toe/MWh (3132/10800kcal/kg), which increase the hydraulic energy values in order to compare with the other countries eminently with thermic generation.
The Brazilian Energy Balance 2002 adopted, for hydraulic and electricity supply and consumption, the conversion factor 0.08 toe/MWh (1 kWh = 860 kcal). However, it maintained the petroleum reference of 10,800 kcal/kg and the use of superior calorific powers to the energy sources.
In this edition, and in the last one these conversion criteria for electricity and hydraulic generation kept in the theoretical base (1 kWh = 860 kcal), but it were adopted the petroleum reference of 10,000 kcal/kg and inferior calorific powers for the other energy sources. These new criteria are in agreement with the international criteria, specially the ones of International Energy Agency, World Energy Consul, Latin-American Energy Organization and United States Energy Department.
Annex VI.7 Methodological Notes
Micro and Mini Distributed Generation Estimation
This Note records the methodology used to estimate the total electricity production coming from micro and mini electricity power plants, until the base year of 2020.
The estimate is made by quantifying the energy contribution of each existing generation system present in ANEEL’s database. The following equation is used in the estimation
\[ E_{f,m,s} = \sum_{i=1}^{n} P_{i,f,m,s} \times{FC_{f,m,s}} \times{Z_{b}} \times{24} \times{(1-k)^{Z_{T}}} \]
Where:
Ef,m,s is the electricity generated in the reference year, with the source f, municipality m and sector s.
i is the index for each generation system in operation in the base year, being incremented from the first to the total n;
Pi,f,m,s is the installed capacity of system i, from source f, in the municipality m, in sector s;
FCf,m,s is the capacity factor for source f, in county m and sector s;
Zb is the number of days of operation of the Pi power in the base year;
k is the daily degradation factor of the technology. For the photovoltaic source, it was calculated as (1+0,005)(1/365) -1. For the other sources, k is equal to zero;
Zt is the total number of days in operation for Pi from its installation until the end of the base year.
It should be noticed that for the new plants that start operation during the reference year of the Brazilian Energy Balance, the generation estimation considers the proportional operation to the number of days that the unit was connected during the base year. For the plants registered in previous years the operation during the entire year is considered.
To estimate the capacity factor of photovoltaic systems, the following formula is used (adapted from Zilles, 2012):
\[ FC_{m,s} = \frac{PR_{s} \times{GTI_{m}}}{24 \times{I_{STC}}} \]
Where:
PR is the Performance Ratio. It is a factor that incorporates losses due to temperature, dirt, DC/AC conversion, inverter efficiency, etc. It is assumed a value equal to 0.80 for remote systems installed at high voltage and 0.75 for other systems (based on Pinho and Galdino, 2014). This is justified by the fact that ground systems have better orientation of the modules and more frequent cleaning, which ensures lower production losses.
\(GTI_m\) is the daily average global global irradiation on the inclined surface for the municipality m. Obtained from the Brazilian Atlas of Solar Energy - 2nd Edition (Pereira et al., 2017).
\(I_{STC}\) is the irradiance at standard test conditions = 1 \([kW/m^2]\).
The daily degradation factor for PV technology is based on annual degradation equal to 0.5% per year. This annual value is the median of the studies reviewed by Jordan and Kurtz (2012).
The capacity factors used for the other sources are presented below. The values were obtained from the generation verified in larger plants, whose generation is measured by the CCEE.
Finally, it is worth mentioning that the municipal data are aggregated according to BEB’s needs.
References
JORDAN, D. C. e KURTZ, S. R. Photovoltaic Degradation Rates — An Analytical Review. NREL/JA-5200-51664. 2012
PEREIRA, E. B. et al. Atlas brasileiro de energia solar. 2ª ed. São José dos Campos: INPE, 2017
PINHO, J. T.; GALDINO, M. A. Manual de Engenharia para Sistemas Fotovoltaicos. [s.l: s.n.]. 2014.
ZILLES, R. et al. Sistemas Fotovoltaicos Conectados à Rede Elétrica. Oficina de Textos, São Paulo, 2012.
Estimation of Electricity Demand in Road Transport Sector
This Note aims to describe the procedure used for the allocation of road transport electricity consumption in the open mix of BEB. The procedure consisted of including the value of electricity in the Final Consumption in the “Road” line and “Electricity” column.
The national fleet of light vehicles that subsidizes the estimates of energy demand by type of vehicle for the studies of the EPE transport sector is obtained considering the licensing and applying an average scrapping curve for each type of vehicle.
Licensing data includes electrified trucks, buses, cars and light commercial vehicles, in the following categories: Battery Electric Vehicles (BEV), hybrid vehicles with electric motor drive and combustion, as long as plug-in (PHEV – Plug In Hybrid Electric Vehicle). It does not include vehicles whose supply is not made directly by electricity.
The electricity demand is obtained by multiplying the fleet and average use to the factors of energy intensity/energy efficiency (INMETRO, IEA, MMA, EU, Magazines, ICCT). In this way, the estimated electricity demand of the fleet of vehicles supplied with electricity in Brazil is obtained.
Estimation of Solar Thermal Energy
This Note records the methodology used to estimate energy from solar collectors used for water heating.
The estimate is made by quantifying the energy contribution of each type of solar collector in Brazil: Closed, Open and Vacuum Tube. The following equations are used in the estimation:
\[ \begin{aligned} E_{0} &= \left( \frac{A_{nf} \cdot 1 \cdot P_{f}}{FCF} + \frac{A_{na} \cdot 1 \cdot P_{a}}{FCA} + \frac{A_{ntv} \cdot 1 \cdot P_{tv}}{FTV} \right) \cdot \frac{1}{2} \\[6pt] E_{1-20} &= \sum_{n=1}^{20} \left( \frac{A_{nf} \cdot (1-d)^{n} \cdot P_{f}}{FCF} + \frac{A_{na} \cdot (1-d)^{n} \cdot P_{a}}{FCA} + \frac{A_{ntv} \cdot (1-d)^{n} \cdot P_{tv}}{FTV} \right) \\[6pt] E_{21-30} &= \sum_{n=21}^{30} \left( \frac{A_{nf} \cdot (1-d^{\prime})^{n} \cdot P_{f}}{FCF} + \frac{A_{na} \cdot (1-d^{\prime})^{n} \cdot P_{a}}{FCA} + \frac{A_{ntv} \cdot (1-d^{\prime})^{n} \cdot P_{tv}}{FTV} \right) \\[6pt] E_{\text{Total}} &= E_{0} + E_{1-20} + E_{21-30} \end{aligned} \]
Where:
\(E_{0}\) is the energy generated by the installed collectors in the base year equivalent to BEN \((n = 0)\).
\(E_{1-20}\) is the energy generated in the base year by collectors with \(n\) years of operation, \(1 \leq n \leq 20\).
\(E_{21-30}\) is the energy generated in the base year by collectors with \(n\) years of operation, \(21 \leq n \leq 30\).
\(A_{nf}\) is the area of closed-type collectors installed in year \(n\).
\(A_{na}\) is the area of open-type collectors installed in year \(n\).
\(A_{ntv}\) is the area of vacuum tube type collectors installed in year \(n\).
\(P_{f}\) is the Closed Collector Productivity: KWh/m²year. The value used was 714 KWh/m²year.
\(P_{a}\) is the Open Collector Productivity: KWh/m²year. The value used was 855 KWh/m²year.
\(P_{tv}\) is the Vacuum Tube Collector Productivity: KWh/m²year. The value used was 630 KWh/m²year.
\(FCF\) is Conversion factor thermal energy to electrical energy equivalent closed collector. The value used was 0.9.
\(FCA\) is Conversion factor thermal energy to electrical energy equivalent open collector. The value used was 3.6.
\(FTV\) is Conversion factor thermal energy to equivalent electrical energy vacuum tube collector. The value used was 0.9.
\(n\) is the number of years of operation of the collectors after the year of installation.
\(d\) is the degradation factor of the collectors in the first 20 years of operation.
\(d^\prime\) is the degradation factor between the final 21 and 30 years of the collectors’ service life.
\(E_{\text{Total}}\) is the total energy generated by all collectors in the base year.
It should be noted that for new collector, which come into operation during the base year of the National Energy Balance, the estimation of the energy produced considers the operation during half of the year, since BEN does not have the installation date of each collector. For plants registered in previous years, operation during the whole year is considered.
Simplified fictitious example:
Let’s say that in 2021 there were 9 collectors running, with the following characteristics:
One 3 m² closed-type collector installed in 2021.
One open type collector of 2 m² installed in 2021.
A 1 m² vacuum tube type collector installed in 2021.
One 5 m² closed-type collector installed in 2015.
One open-type collector of 3 m², installed in 2012.
A 2 m² vacuum tube type collector, installed in 2005.
One 1 m² closed type collector, installed in 1995.
One 2 m² closed type collector, installed in 1993.
One 3 m² closed type collector, installed in 1999.
Thus, the calculation of the energy generated would look as follows:
\[ \begin{aligned} E_{0} &= \left( \frac{3 \times 1 \times 714}{0,9} + \frac{2 \times 1 \times 855}{3,6} + \frac{1 \times 1 \times 630}{0,9} \right) \times \frac{1}{2} = 3.555 \text{ kWh} \\[8pt] E_{1-20} &= \sum_{n=1}^{20} \left( \frac{5 \times (1 - 0,5\%)^{6} \times 714}{0,9} + \frac{3 \times (1 - 0,5\%)^{9} \times 855}{3,6} + \frac{2 \times (1 - 0,5\%)^{16} \times 630}{0,9} \right) = 5.822,31 \text{ kWh} \\[8pt] E_{21-30} &= \sum_{n=21}^{30} \left( \frac{1 \times (1 - 0,1\%)^{26} \times 714}{0,9} + \frac{2 \times (1 - 0,1\%)^{28} \times 855}{3,6} + \frac{3 \times (1 - 0,1\%)^{22} \times 630}{0,9} \right) = 3.289,12 \text{ kWh} \\[8pt] E_{\text{Total}} &= 3.555 + 5.822 + 3.289,12 = 12.666,43 \text{ kWh} \end{aligned} \]
References:
- ABRASOL – Associação Brasileira de Energia Solar Térmica. NOTA METODOLÓGICA Nº 001/2022.
Maritime Diesel Information for the Preparation of the Brazilian Energy Balance (BEN)
According to Technical Note Nº 1/2026/AD/SDC/ANP, until 2006, distributors reported to ANP the sales of diesel oil under a single code, encompassing the various types marketed at the time.
From 2007, with the implementation of the Product Movement Information System (SIMP), ANP began receiving information on the production and sales of diesel oil by type. However, the disclosure of diesel oil sales data continued to be done in a consolidated manner, encompassing the various types. A few years ago, due to the growing demand for external requests, ANP began to disclose a spreadsheet with diesel oil sales by type, retroactive to 2013, which is available on the ANP website.
Historically, the information on production, import, export, and sales of diesel oil, sent for the preparation of the BEN, is consolidated and encompasses all types of diesel oil.
The data on diesel oil sales, by segment, sent by ANP for the preparation of the BEN, are generated from the cross-checking of sales declarations from distributors to end consumers, with the CNPJs database of the Federal Revenue and classified according to the National Classification of Economic Activities (CNAE) of IBGE, highlighting the sectors that make up the BEN. Sales to Reseller Stations and TRRs have a specific coding for these two types of regulated agents. In this context, diesel oil for maritime transport came from information classified as aquaviário in the cross-check described above.
From the disclosure of diesel oil sales information by type, we verified that maritime diesel oil sales are much higher than reported as aquaviário in the table for the preparation of the BEN. This is because a portion of maritime diesel oil is sold at Reseller Stations and Transporter-Retailer-Retailer in Inland Navigation (TRRNI). Thus, we must consider maritime diesel oil sales as aquaviário, according to the historical series sent for the period 2007-2025.